In recent years, Nepal has faced a dual environmental crisis that threatens public health and the country's natural landscapes: severe air pollution and escalating wildfire outbreaks. These issues not only endanger human lives but also highlight the urgent need for comprehensive strategies and international cooperation to mitigate their impact.
Air Pollution Crisis
In 2021, air pollution emerged as the leading cause of global mortality, particularly affecting children under 5, with a devastating death toll of 709,000, predominantly in Asian and African nations. In response to soaring air pollution levels, the Government of Nepal took the proactive step of temporarily closing all schools nationwide for four days in 2021. During this period, Kathmandu experienced fluctuating air quality index (AQI) levels, reaching "very unhealthy" and "hazardous" readings. To improve air quality and reduce the impact of fine particles (PM2.5) on respiratory health, it's important to implement measures that minimize their presence in the air. This can help alleviate symptoms such as eye, nose, throat, and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose, and shortness of breath. Globally ambient PM2.5 levels are reducing or stabilizing in some regions, but Nepal faces the crisis of air pollution despite its effort in reducing and controlling the pollution.
Nepal’s highest AQI recorded was 411 on March 27, 2021, with PM2.5 at 366 micrograms per cubic meter. According to the Kathmandu Valley's Air Pollution Management Action Plan, authorities have the provision to declare a public health emergency when AQI readings exceed 300. However, as of now, none of the relevant agencies have considered declaring a public health emergency to minimize the effects of air pollution. Similarly, On April 10, 2024, the Kathmandu valley's Air Quality Index (AQI) registered 265, indicating severe pollution levels with particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeding the World Health Organization's annual air quality guideline value by 34 times. The country has been proactive in addressing the issue through various measures, including implementing policies and regulations to control pollution. These efforts include setting vehicle emission standards, promoting cleaner technologies, and regulating industrial emissions, reflecting a commitment to tackling environmental challenges.
Wildfire Outbreaks
Correspondingly, the recurrent news on the wildfires has highlighted the alarming toll they have taken on both human lives and the environment. Yet the incidence of these wildfires is increasing rather than being addressed. This is a serious case that needs national attention as it has hampered the environment, humans and animals at large. Why is wildfire still so common and there are no mechanisms to combat it? The problem stems from people’s perception of igniting the forest land for greener and better plant production. The government still lacks innovative mechanisms to stop these wildfires. The simulation of wildfire and advanced technology to overcome the wildfire is still at an early phase in Nepal. Moreover, there is no early warning system for wildfire. According to WHO, wildfire smoke is a mixture of hazardous air pollutants, such PM2.5, NO2, ozone, aromatic hydrocarbons, or lead. This calls for an immediate attention to controlling and spreading awareness of wildfire and its hazards for humans, wildlife and the environment.
Initiatives taken against air pollution
Nevertheless, the efforts to combat air pollution in Nepal have involved both governmental initiatives and interventions by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). The Government of Nepal developed the National Clean Air Action Plan (NCAAP) in 2019, aiming to reduce air pollution by 50% by 2025. This encompassed measures such as promoting electric vehicles, improving fuel quality standards, and enhancing public awareness.
Moreover, Nepal has implemented Bharat Stage IV emission standards for vehicles, which aim to reduce vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Reflecting on the national data bases and report, brick kilns are a major contributor to air pollution in Nepal. The government has introduced regulations to improve the efficiency of kilns and reduce emissions. Similarly, ICIMOD technically helped implement zigzag brick kilns to reduce the amount of harmful gas directly in the environment. The government has established air quality monitoring stations in major cities like Kathmandu and has been conducting research to understand pollution sources and impacts better along with promoting electric vehicle use and public transport.
Furthermore, NGOs and INGOs have been involved in promoting clean energy solutions such as solar energy and improved cooking stoves to reduce reliance on biomass and fossil fuels, which contribute significantly to air pollution further boosting behavior change towards clean energy. Awareness campaigns on the health impacts of air pollution and advocacy for policy changes and community actions to reduce emissions have been organized on different capacities. CREASION has six air quality monitoring devise an initiative to be become aware on our air pollution footprint and spread awareness in the community.
Some NGOs have been collaborating with government agencies and research institutions to gather data on air quality, identify pollution hotspots, and develop evidence-based strategies for mitigation.
Thus, addressing the simultaneous challenges of air pollution and wildfires, Nepal is at a critical juncture where proactive measures and international collaboration are of utmost importance. Policy reforms, technological advancements, and community involvement are critical for addressing air pollution and wildfires. Improving air quality monitoring, strengthening regulations, and investing in wildfire prevention are essential steps. International collaboration and knowledge-sharing can offer vital support in developing sustainable solutions tailored to Nepal's unique environmental landscape. Prioritizing environmental protection and taking proactive measures will help safeguard public health, preserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable development. Accelerating and strengthening efforts to combat air pollution and wildfires through coordinated action at all societal and governmental levels is crucial. Through sustained commitment and collective efforts, Nepal can overcome these environmental challenges and create a healthier and more resilient future.
